MULTIMOB Group H. Asaeda Internet-Draft Keio University Expires: September 9, 2009 T C. Schmidt HAW Hamburg March 8, 2009 IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobile Hosts and Routers draft-asaeda-multimob-igmp-mld-mobility-extensions-02 Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF Contributions published or made publicly available before November 10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process. 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The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on September 9, 2009. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 1] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents in effect on the date of publication of this document (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info). Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 2] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 Abstract This document describes IGMP and MLD protocol extensions for mobile hosts and routers. IGMP and MLD are necessary protocols for hosts to request join or leave multicast sessions. While the regular IGMP and MLD protocols support communication between mobile hosts and routers over wireless networks, this document discusses the conditions how mobile hosts and routers use IGMP and MLD in their communication more effectively. Aside from a modified protocol semantic, optional "Notification function" and "Listener Hold function" for the IGMP and MLD protocols are introduced. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 3] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 Conventions used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT","SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED","MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1]. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1. Tracking of Membership Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2. IGMP/MLD Query Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1. Unicasting IGMP/MLD General Query . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2. Multicasting IGMP/MLD Group-Specific Query . . . . . . 9 2.3. IGMP/MLD Querier Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. Protocol Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1. IGMP/MLD Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1.1. Interoperability of IGMP/MLD Notification . . . . . . 12 3.2. IGMP/MLD Hold and Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2.1. Action of Mobile Host and Router for IGMP/MLD Hold . . 13 3.2.2. Action of Mobile Host and Router for IGMP/MLD Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2.3. IGMP/MLD Hold Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.2.4. IGMP/MLD Hold Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2.5. Interoperability of IGMP/MLD Hold and Release . . . . 17 3.3. Lightweight-IGMP/MLD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4. Interoperability with Older Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5. Timers, Counters, and Their Default Values . . . . . . . . . . 20 6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 4] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 1. Introduction The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) [2] for IPv4 and the Multicast Listener Discovery Protocol (MLD) [3] for IPv6 are the standard protocols for hosts to initiate joining or leaving multicast sessions. These protocols must be also supported by multicast routers or IGMP/MLD proxy routers [7] that serve multicast member hosts on their downstream interfaces. Conceptually, IGMP and MLD work on wireless networks. However, wireless access technologies operate on a shared medium or a point-to-point link with limited frequency and bandwidth. In many wireless regimes, it is desirable to minimize multicast-related signaling to preserve the limited resources of battery powered mobile devices and the constrained transmission capacities of the networks (e.g., [12]). Additionally, a mobile host may cause initiation and termination of a multicast service in the new or the previous network. Slow multicast service activation following a join may degrade reception quality. Slow service termination triggered by IGMP/MLD querying or by a rapid departure of the mobile host without leaving the group in the previous network may waste network resources. To create feasible condition for mobile hosts and routers communicating IGMP/MLD, it is required to "ease processing cost or battery power consumption by eliminating transmission of a large number of IGMP/MLD messages via flooding" and "realize fast state convergence by successive monitoring whether downstream members exist or not". One possible approach to support these requirements is explicit tracking. Upstream router traces all downstream members, thereby limiting the number of solicited membership reports (by periodical multicast IGMP/MLD Query). The number of transmitted IGMP/MLD messages is effectively reduced, and the upstream router can immediately update the membership information and proceed the fast leave. The explicit tracking function is supported by IGMPv3 [2] and MLDv2 [3]. In the previous version protocols, IGMPv1 [4], IGMPv2 [5], and MLDv1 [6], a host would cancel sending a pending membership reports requested by IGMP/MLD Query if a similar report was observed from another member on the network. This specification effectively reduced a possibility of network congestion or message flooding, but precluded the function for an upstream router to track membership status. On the other hand, in IGMPv3 and MLDv2, the membership report suppression mechanism has been removed, and therefore downstream member hosts speaking IGMPv3 or MLDv2 must send their membership reports to an upstream router and the router can keep track of their membership status. IGMPv3/MLDv2 Query messages are still necessary to maintain Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 5] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 downstream membership status. One of the reasons is that IGMP/MLD message is non-reliable and may be lost in the transmission, and therefore the router would need to confirm the membership by sending query messages. The other reason is that, for keeping track of membership status, the router needs additional processing cost and a possibly large size of the memory to record all member information. IGMPv3/MLDv2 capable routers usually configure to send periodical IGMP/MLD Query messages to seek membership information to the downstream hosts, and disable the function that keeps track of membership status. The requirement to keep the compatibility mode with older version IGMP/MLD is also the reason, because the router needs to support the downstream hosts that are not upgraded to the latest versions of IGMP/MLD and run the report suppression mechanism. IGMPv3 and MLDv2 provide the ability for hosts to report source- specific subscriptions. With IGMPv3/MLDv2, a mobile host can specify a channel of interest, using multicast group and source addresses with INCLUDE filter mode in its join request. Upon reception, the upstream router establishes the shortest path tree toward the source without coordinating a shared tree. This function is called the source filtering function and required to support Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) [8]. IGMPv3 and MLDv2 support another operation with EXCLUDE filter mode. When a mobile host specifies multicast and source addresses with EXCLUDE filter mode in the join request, an upstream router forwards the multicast packets sent from all sources *except* the specified sources. In fact, this operation gives the complexity in the host- side procedure. If any application running on a host requests an EXCLUDE filter mode operation, the host sets the interface state to EXCLUDE mode for the requested multicast address, and the source address list of the interface record is the intersection of the source address lists requested by all applications in EXCLUDE mode, minus the source addresses that appear in any application in INCLUDE mode. The state transition that maintains the interface record is complex, and the implementation cost will be relatively high for mobile hosts. Furthermore, specifying non-interesting source addresses with EXCLUDE filter mode reduces the advantage of scalable routing tree coordination produced by SSM. An upstream router needs to maintain a shared tree (e.g., RPT in PIM-SM) whenever the router receives join request with EXCLUDE filter mode from the downstream hosts. This increases the tree maintenance cost to the multicast routers on the routing paths. While the mobile multicast communication does not prohibit a traditional (*,G) join request (which is a join request with EXCLUDE filter mode without specifying any source address), all other join requests with EXCLUDE filter mode should be eliminated Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 6] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 from the mobile multicast communication. This document describes the IGMPv3 and MLDv2 protocol extensions for mobile hosts and routers, and discusses the conditions how mobile hosts and routers use IGMP and MLD in their communication over wireless networks effectively. The selective solutions that provide tangible benefits to the mobile hosts and routers are given by "keeping track of downstream hosts' membership status", "varying IGMP/MLD Query types and values to tune the number of responses", and "using a source filtering mechanism in a lightweight manner". Aside from a modified protocol semantic, optional "Notification function" and "Listener Hold function" for the IGMPv3 and MLDv2 protocols are introduced. The proposed solutions interoperate with the IGMPv3 and MLDv2 protocols. This condition is advantageous to the deployment. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 7] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 2. Configurations 2.1. Tracking of Membership Status Mobile hosts use IGMP and MLD to request to join or leave multicast sessions. When the upstream routers receive the IGMP/MLD reports, they recognize the membership status on the LAN. To update the membership status, the routers send IGMP/MLD Query messages periodically as a soft-state approach does, and the member hosts reply IGMP/MLD report messages upon reception. IGMP/MLD Query is therefore necessary to obtain the up-to-date membership information, but a large number of the reply messages sent from all member hosts may cause network congestion or consume network bandwidth. To escape from the trouble, a membership report suppression mechanism was proposed in the traditional IGMP and MLD [4][5][6]. By the report suppression mechanism, a host would cancel sending a pending membership reports requested by IGMP/MLD Query if a similar report was observed from another member on the network. However, the report suppression mechanism precluded the function for an upstream router to track membership status. In IGMPv3 and MLDv2, it is hence decided that the membership report suppression mechanism has been removed, and all downstream member hosts must send their membership reports to an upstream router. 2.2. IGMP/MLD Query Coordination 2.2.1. Unicasting IGMP/MLD General Query IGMP and MLD are non-reliable protocols; to cover the possibility of a State-Change Report being missed by one or more multicast routers, a host retransmits the same State-Change Report [Robustness Variable] - 1 more times, at intervals chosen at random from the range (0, [Unsolicited Report Interval]) [2][3]. However, this manner does not guarantee that the State-Change Report is reached to the routers. The routers therefore need to refresh the downstream membership information by receiving Current-State Report periodically solicited by IGMP/MLD General Query, in order to be robust in front of host or link failures and packet loss. It supports the situation that mobile hosts turn off or move from the wireless network to other wireless network managed by the different router without any notification (e.g., leave request). A multicast router periodically transmits IGMP/MLD General Query in the [Query Interval] sec. The default value of [Query Interval] is 125 sec. specified in the standard IGMPv3 and MLDv2 specifications [2][3]. Unfortunately, periodical message flooding using the all- hosts multicast address (i.e. 224.0.0.1 or ff02::1) as its IP Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 8] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 destination address gives the unwilling situation to the mobile hosts. It consumes the bandwidth of a wireless link and may wake all mobile hosts up by IGMP/MLD General Query. In fact, when mobile hosts are operating in dormant mode and not communicating with others, they should keep sleeping for saving the battery power. In this case, only the hosts that are receiving multicast contents should make the response to the router. A multicast router attached on a wireless link may want to configure longer query interval as the [Multicast Query Interval] value Section 5, in order to reduce the number of IGMP/MLD General Query messages via multicast. Yet, longer query interval will increase join latency when an unsolicit Join message with State-Change Record requesting joining a multicast session is not reached to the router, or it will increase leave latency when an unsolicit Leave message with State-Change Record requesting leaving a session is not reached to the router. IGMPv3 and MLDv2 specifications [2][3] mention that a host MUST accept and procss any Query whose IP Destination Address field contains any of the addresses (unicast or multicast) assigned to the interface on which the Query arrives. According to the scenario, a router can unicast the message to tracked member hosts in the [Unicast Query Interval] (described in Section 5), especially when a multicast router has a small number of mobile hosts that are listening different multicast sessions. In this case, the router multicasts IGMP/MLD General Query with longer [Multicast Query Interval] (described in Section 5) to recognize hosts that were not tracked. 2.2.2. Multicasting IGMP/MLD Group-Specific Query In the standard protocols [2][3], an IGMP/MLD Group-Specific Query is sent to verify there are no hosts that desire reception of the specified group or to rebuild the desired reception state for a particular group. The Group-Specific Query is sent when a router receives State-Change Records indicating a host is leaving a group, and never in response to Current-State Records. A Group-Specific Query builds and refreshes group membership state of hosts on attached networks. Since a Group-Specific Query specifies the corresponding multicast address (not the all-hosts multicast address) as its IP destination address, dormant mode hosts that do not join any multicast session are not woken up by these specific Queries, and only active group member hosts that have been receiving multicast contents with the specified address reply IGMP/MLD reports. However, sending many Group-Specific Queries for all corresponding Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 9] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 groups may increase the total number of transmitted IGMP/MLD messages. [TODO: Therefore, it is necessary to know the condition in which a Group-Specific Query is used for maintaining the group membership state of all hosts on a link, instead of a General Query.] The [Multicast Group-Query Interval] is the interval between Group- Specific Queries sent by the querier, i.e., the router that sends the Group-Specific Query. [TODO: Define [Multicast Group-Query Interval]. We currently think this value is same of the default [Query Interval] value the regular IGMP and MLD define [2][3].] 2.3. IGMP/MLD Querier Selection [TODO: Is there any condition or assumption in which multiple multicast routers exist in a single wireless link? If there is the case, do we need to consider IGMP/MLD querier selection mechanism and the corresponding timer values or intervals? The Querier's Query Interval Code (QQIC) field specifies the [Query Interval] used by the querier may be tuned. The actual interval, called the Querier's Query Interval (QQI), is derived from QQIC. Multicast routers that are not the current querier adopt the QQI value from the most recently received Query as their own [Query Interval] value.] Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 10] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 3. Protocol Extensions 3.1. IGMP/MLD Notification This document proposes an IGMP/MLD Notification operation, in which a mobile host *periodically* sends Current-State Record messages expressing which multicast sessions the host is joining, even the host is not requested to report the membership information by its upstream router (i.e., no reception of General Query message). The IGMP/MLD Notification operation enables the longer [Multicast Query Interval] value for IGMP/MLD General Query than the default [Query Interval]. If mobile hosts support the IGMP/MLD Notification operation, a multicast router can obtain downstream membership information without periodical and spontaneous membership solicitation by IGMP/MLD General Query. The router only needs to refresh downstream membership information by solicit IGMP/MLD General Query to the hosts that do not support the IGMP/MLD Notification operation or leave from network without sending any message to the router. If timers are tuned by dynamic nature of membership, the IGMP/MLD Notification operation reduces the number of IGMP/MLD General Query periodically sent by a router and the total number of IGMP/MLD messages. Since a router only needs to refresh downstream membership information by solicit General Query to hosts that do not support the Notification operation, both [Unicast Query Interval] and [Multicast Query Interval] can be set to longer values. This mechanism may conserve battery power of dormant mode hosts, as dormant mode hosts do not pay attention to the General Query messages at short intervals. The IGMP/MLD Notification operation also contributes to fast handover, because a host receiving data immediately sends unsolicited reports without waiting for IGMP/MLD General Query at the new network. The [Notification Interval] value (described in Section 5) is the interval of Current-State Records periodically sent by a member host that joins at least one multicast session. Since a mobile host periodically unicasts Current-State Record in [Notification Interval] that is shorter than the regular General Query interval (i.e. [Query Interval] value) and [Multicast Query Interval] and [Unicast Query Interval], even if a router tracking membership status misses State- Change report that requests a leave operation, the router can operate a leave procedure faster than the regular case. When mobile hosts receive IGMP/MLD General Query, they reset their [Notification Interval] timer value and restart it. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 11] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 When a multicast router works with the Notification operation, it must maintain the following information for each multicast session to recognize receiver host's membership status; 1 Receiver address - indicates an address of a receiver host sending the Current-State Report. 2 Last membership report - indicates the time that the router receives the last Current-State Report. 3 Filter mode - indicates either INCLUDE or EXCLUDE as defined in [2][3]. 4 Source addresses and multicast address - indicates the address pair that the receiver joins. 3.1.1. Interoperability of IGMP/MLD Notification An IGMP/MLD Notification operation is a simple extension for mobile hosts to spontaneously send IGMP/MLD Current-State Report to their upstream multicast routers. Since a multicast router solicits downstream membership information by IGMP/MLD General Query, non- upgraded mobile hosts can coexist in the network. However, join and leave latency for non-upgraded mobile hosts may become longer due to the longer [Query Interval] timer configuration for multicast routers. An IGMP/MLD Notification operation does not require amy modification to multicast routers. 3.2. IGMP/MLD Hold and Release A mobile host sends a join/leave request for particular multicast session to its upstream router (i.e., a proxy router or an adjacent router), and the router will maintain IGMP/MLD state of the host and serve multicast data to the host. According to a fast handover scenario (e.g., using FMIPv6 [10]), a mobile host wants to accelerate multicast service termination in the previous network before handoff and immediately rejoin the session after the movement. As the router's behavior, when the router remains part of the multicast delivery tree, it keeps the session active without leaving from the session, while the data transmission is paused until the host completes the movement and resumed after the movement. This document describes an IGMP/MLD Hold operation that enables to keep the membership state for fast packet forwarding, and an IGMP/MLD Release operation that ressumes forwarding the multicast session after the host movement. Originally, an idea of MLD Hold was Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 12] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 proposed in [13]. Note that discussing the procedure of context transfer (CT) for each mobility protocol (e.g., FMIPv6, PMIPv6 [11]) and the message format for CT will be defined in other documents. And also, discussing how a mobile host or a router detects the movement and triggers to send an IGMP/MLD Hold message is depend on the mobility protocol, and hence out of scope of this document. 3.2.1. Action of Mobile Host and Router for IGMP/MLD Hold An IGMP/MLD Hold operation is used to notify an upstream multicast router (e.g., HA in case of bidirectional tunneling, adjacent router in case of remote subscription) to stop forwarding data of the specified multicast sessions if there is no member joining the same sessions, but maintain the multicast membership on the router's interface the message was received. When a mobile host starts moving from a network to a new network, the host or the gateway that detects the movement sends an IGMP/MLD Hold message (mentioned in Section 3.2.3) to its upstream router to make a fast handover for the specified multicast sessions. When the multicast router receives an IGMP/MLD Hold message from a mobile host, it records the host's address and specified group and source address records and filter-mode, and stops the corresponding group or source timer until the IGMP/MLD [Hold Interval] timer (described in Section 5) is expired. The router does not send any Group-Specific or Group-and-Source Specific Query upon reception of an IGMP/MLD Hold message. After the router recognizes the IGMP/MLD Hold message, the router decides whether it stops forwarding the data or not. The decision is dependent on whether the router has been keeping track of membership status. If the router has been tracking all the members, it can recognize whether the message sender host is the last member joining the notified session on the interface or not. If the router has not been tracking, the router waits for receiving the next Current-State Report and recognizes whether the host is the last member joining the notified session on the interface or not. And if the message sender host is the last member, the router stops forwarding data by disabling the outgoing interface for that session, whereas it keeps the host's membership state. If the host is not the last member of the session, the router does not stop forwarding the data even with reception of this message. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 13] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 3.2.2. Action of Mobile Host and Router for IGMP/MLD Release An IGMP/MLD Release operation is used to restart forwarding data of the specified multicast sessions that are kept with the membership state at a router, or used to cancel the hold request previously notified by an IGMP/MLD Hold message. When a mobile host moves to a new network, the host or the gateway that detects the movement operates IGMP/MLD Release by sending a standard IGMP/MLD Current-State Report message as mentioned in Section 3.2.3) to its upstream router to release the hold request previously sent. When a multicast router receives an IGMP/MLD Current-State Report message, the router examines the message sender and an IGMP/MLD [Hold Interval] timer (see Section 5). If the router has tracked the host's membership status, it compares the holding Multicast Address Records and notified Multicast Address Records specified in the IGMP/ MLD Current-State Report message. Regarding the corresponding Multicast Address Records, the router will delete the host's membership state if it has, and restart the given group or source timer and forwarding the data again if the IGMP/MLD Hold Timer is not expired. If either a multicast router has not tracked the corresponding membership status given by the host that sent the IGMP/MLD Current- State Report message, or if the IGMP/MLD Hold Timer has expired, then the router does not take any action. If a router that did not recognize an IGMP/MLD Hold message (e.g., due to packet loss or some troubles in its transmission) receives an IGMP/MLD Current-State Report message, it will accept the message as a regular Current-State Report IGMP/MLD message as specified in Section 3.2.5. 3.2.3. IGMP/MLD Hold Message Format The following figure is the Report message format defined in IGMPv3 [2] and MLDv2 [3]. Type field is either IGMP Version 3 Membership Report (0x22) or Version 2 Multicast Listener Report (decimal 143); it is not necessary to change IGMP/MLD Report message format to support IGMP/MLD Hold messages. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 14] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Reserved | Checksum | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Reserved |Nr of Mcast Address Records (M)| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . . . Multicast Address Record [1] . . . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ . . . . . . . . . +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . . . Multicast Address Record [M] . . . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The Multicast Address Record shown in the following figure defines new Record Types that express an IGMP/MLD Hold message. For an IGMP/ MLD Release operation, the standard IGMP/MLD Current-State Report message is used. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 15] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Record Type | Aux Data Len | Number of Sources (N) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . . . Multicast Address . . . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . . . Source Address [1] . . . | | +- -+ . . . . . . . . . +- -+ | | . . . Source Address [N] . . . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . . . Auxiliary Data . . . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value Name and Meaning ----- ---------------- 7 HOLD_INCLUDE - indicates that the interface has a filter mode of INCLUDE for the specified multicast address. The Source Address [i] fields in this Multicast Address Record contain the interface's source list for the specified multicast address. A HOLD_INCLUDE Record is never sent with an empty source list. 8 HOLD_EXCLUDE - indicates that the interface has a filter mode of EXCLUDE for the specified multicast address. The Source Address [i] fields in this Multicast Address Record contain the interface's source list for the specified multicast address, if it is non-empty. When a mobile host works with Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 16] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 LW-IGMPv3/LW-MLDv2 (Section 3.3), the Multicast Address Record does not contain the Source Address [i] field with HOLD_EXCLUDE type value. 3.2.4. IGMP/MLD Hold Timer A router upon receiving an IGMP/MLD Hold message will identify the corresponding multicast sessions for which the message was received, and once it accepts the request will wait for the [Hold Interval] timer period (see Section 5) for the sessions for allowing the router on the new link to resume the sessions. However, if it does not receive any IGMP/MLD Current-State Record message for an IGMP/MLD Release operation within that given amount of time, it will discard the hold membership state given by the IGMP/MLD Hold message and proceed as it receives IGMP Leave or MLD Done request. 3.2.5. Interoperability of IGMP/MLD Hold and Release If a multicast router does not support an IGMP/MLD Hold operation, it will ignore the IGMP/MLD Hold message. In this case, an IGMP/MLD Current-State Report message sent by a mobile host that previously requested an IGMP/MLD Hold operation to stop forwarding data is dealt with as a new join request for the specified multicast sessions (when the corresponding group or source timer is expired) or simply updates the corresponding group and/or source timer (when these timers are not expired and the membership status has been still active). 3.3. Lightweight-IGMP/MLD IGMPv3 and MLDv2 enable all member hosts to send membership reports to the upstream routers. Not only this function, IGMPv3 and MLDv2 support a source filtering function. An IGMPv3 or MLDv2 capable host can tell its upstream router which group it would like to join by specifying which sources it does (or does not) intend to receive multicast traffic from. IGMPv3 and MLDv2 add the capability for a multicast router to also learn which sources are (and are not) of interest to neighboring hosts, for packets sent to any particular multicast address. This source filtering function is required to invoke Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) [8]. IGMPv3 and MLDv2 introduce antithetic filter modes, INCLUDE and EXCLUDE filter modes, to expand the source filtering function. If a host wants to receive from specific sources, it sends an IGMPv3 or MLDv2 report with the filter mode set to INCLUDE. If the host does not want to receive from some sources, it sends a report with the filter mode set to EXCLUDE. A source list for the given sources shall be included in the report message. INCLUDE and EXCLUDE filter modes are also defined in a multicast router to process the IGMPv3 or Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 17] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 MLDv2 reports. When a multicast router receives the report messages from its downstream hosts, it forwards the corresponding multicast traffic by managing requested group and source addresses. However, practical applications do not use EXCLUDE mode to block sources very often, because a user or application usually wants to specify desired source addresses, not undesired source addresses. In addition, this scheme leads an implementation cost to mobile hosts and complex procedures to maintain coexisting situation of the interesting source address lists with INCLUDE filter mode or non- interesting source address lists with EXCLUDE filter mode. Recently, Lightweight-IGMPv3 (LW-IGMPv3) and Lightweight-MLDv2 (LW- MLDv2) [9] are proposed in the IETF MBONED working group. These protocols are the simplified versions of IGMPv3 and MLDv2, and eliminate an EXCLUDE filter mode operation. Not only are LW-IGMPv3 and LW-MLDv2 fully compatible with the full version of these protocols (i.e., the standard IGMPv3 and MLDv2), but also the protocol operations made by hosts and routers are simplified in the lightweight manner, and complicated operations are effectively reduced. LW-IGMPv3 and LW-MLDv2 give the opportunity to grow SSM use. In the lightweight protocols, EXCLUDE mode on the host part is preserved only for EXCLUDE (*,G) join/leave, which denotes a non- source-specific group report (known as the traditional (*,G) join/ leave) and is equivalent to the group membership join/leave triggered by IGMPv2/IGMPv1/MLDv1. The aim of LW-IGMPv3 and LW-MLDv2 is not only for contributing to the simpler implementation or reducing the memory size on a host. Another advantage is that it reduces the processing cost on upstream routers by eliminating the EXCLUDE filter mode operations. If both INCLUDE and EXCLUDE filter mode operations are supported in the networks, the routers need to maintain all source addresses joined from their downstream hosts. Even if a Shortest-Path Tree (SPT) is well coordinated, the routers need to refresh (and re-generate) some or all of the corresponding routing paths including the Rendezvous- Point Tree (RPT) whenever the downstream host requests EXLUDE filter mode join. LW-IGMPv3 and LW-MLDv2 preclude the unwilling situation. Since there is no side-effect, this document recommend to adopt LW- IGMPv3 and LW-MLDv2 to mobile hosts and routers, or eliminate EXCLUDE filter mode operation from mobile hosts if IGMPv3 and MLDv2 are adopted to hosts. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 18] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 4. Interoperability with Older Protocols This document assumes multicast routers that deal with mobile hosts MUST be IGMPv3/MLDv2 capable (regardless whether the protocols are the full version or not). Therefore this document does not consider interoprability with older version protocols. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 19] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 5. Timers, Counters, and Their Default Values A multicast router operating in dormant mode keeps track of the membership status and checks the membership status by transmitting unicast IGMP/MLD General Query or multicast IGMP/MLD Group-Specific Query. Cooperating with these scenarios, the message interval between IGMP/MLD General Queries is set to longer than the default [Query Interval] value. The [Query Interval] is the interval between General Queries sent by the regular IGMPv3/MLDv2 querier, and the default value is 125 seconds [2][3]. By varying the [Query Interval], multicast routers can tune the number of IGMP messages on the network; larger values cause IGMP Queries to be sent less often. [TODO: We will provide the appropriate [Multicast Query Interval] value that would fit in the mobile communication environment based on some experimental results. In our current sense, this value should be larger than the default [Query Interval] value the regular IGMPv3 and MLDv2 define.] The Query Response Interval is the Max Response Time (or Max Response Delay) used to calculate the Max Resp Code inserted into the periodic General Queries, and the default value is 10 seconds [2][3]. By varying the [Query Response Interval], multicast routers can tune the burstiness of IGMP messages on the network; larger values make the traffic less bursty, as host responses are spread out over a larger interval. [TODO: We will provide the appropriate [Query Response Interval] value that would fit in the mobile communication environment based on some experimental results. In our current sense, this value should be less than the default value the regular IGMP and MLD define, because, while the larger Query Interval does not reduce the number of transmitted IGMP/MLD messages, it may cause slow leave latency.] Mobile hosts may receive a variety of Queries on different interfaces and of different kinds (e.g., General Queries, Group-Specific Queries, and Group-and-Source-Specific Queries), each of which may require its own delayed response. [TODO: The timer management for each queries may or should be independent. E.g. the timer value for General Query should be longer than the one of other queries. We will investigate this issue.] To cover the possibility of unsolicited reports being missed by multicast routers, unsolicited reports are retransmitted [Robustness Variable] - 1 more times, at intervals chosen at random from the Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 20] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 defined range [2][3]. The QRV (Querier's Robustness Variable) field in IGMP/MLD Query contains the [Robustness Variable] value used by the querier. Routers adopt the QRV value from the most recently received Query as their own [Robustness Variable] value, whose range should be set between "1" to "7". While the default [Robustness Variable] value defined in IGMPv3 [2] and MLDv2 [3] is "2", the [Robustness Variable] value announced by the querier must not be "0" and should not be "1". [TODO: We will propose the robustness values that would be adjusted according to the number of receivers. In our current sense, this value should not be bigger than "2" especially when the [Query Response Interval] is set to less than its default value.] The default [Unicast Query Interval] value is 90 sec. The default [Multicast Query Interval] value is 180 sec. The default [Notification Interval] value is 60 sec. The [Notification Interval] value must be shorter than [Multicast Query Interval] and [Unicast Query Interval]. The [Hold Interval] is used for the IGMP/MLD Hold Timer Section 3.2.4 to allow a multicast router to resume the multicast session. The multicast router discards the hold membership state if it does not receive any IGMP/MLD Release (or Current-State Record) message for an IGMP/MLD Release operation within the [Hold Interval]. [TODO: We will provide the appropriate [Hold Interval] value that would fit in the mobile communication environment based on some experimental results. Does it depend on mobile protocols?] Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 21] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 6. Security Considerations TBD. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 22] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 7. Acknowledgements Dave Thaler, Matthias Waehlisch, and others provided many constructive and insightful comments. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 23] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 8. References 8.1. Normative References [1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate requirement levels", RFC 2119, March 1997. [2] Cain, B., Deering, S., Kouvelas, I., Fenner, B., and A. Thyagarajan, "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 3", RFC 3376, October 2002. [3] Vida, R. and L. Costa, "Multicast Listener Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810, June 2004. [4] Deering, S., "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting", RFC 1112, August 1989. [5] Fenner, W., "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2", RFC 2373, July 1997. [6] Deering, S., Fenner, W., and B. Haberman, "Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6", RFC 2710, October 1999. [7] Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, B., and H. Sandick, "Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) / Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)-Based Multicast Forwarding ("IGMP/MLD Proxying")", RFC 4605, August 2006. [8] Holbrook, H. and B. Cain, "Source-Specific Multicast for IP", RFC 4607, August 2006. [9] Liu, H., Cao, W., and H. Asaeda, "Lightweight IGMPv3 and MLDv2 Protocols", draft-ietf-mboned-lightweight-igmpv3-mldv2-04.txt (work in progress), September 2008. 8.2. Informative References [10] Koodli, Ed., R., "Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6", RFC 4068, July 2005. [11] Leung, K., Devarapalli, V., Chowdhury, K., and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6", draft-ietf-netlmm-proxymip6-16.txt (work in progress), May 2008. [12] Schmidt, T., Waehlisch, M., and G. Fairhurst, "Multicast Mobility in MIPv6: Problem Statement and Brief Survey", draft-irtf-mobopts-mmcastv6-ps-04.txt (work in progress), Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 24] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 July 2008. [13] Jelger, C. and T. Noel, "Multicast for Mobile Hosts in IP Networks: Progress and Challenges", IEEE Wireless Comm. pp.58-64, October 2002. Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 25] Internet-Draft IGMP and MLD Extensions for Mobility March 2009 Authors' Addresses Hitoshi Asaeda Keio University Graduate School of Media and Governance 5322 Endo Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8520 Japan Email: asaeda@wide.ad.jp Thomas C. Schmidt HAW Hamburg Dept. Informatik Berliner Tor 7 Hamburg, D-20099 Germany Email: Schmidt@informatik.haw-hamburg.de Asaeda & Schmidt Expires September 9, 2009 [Page 26]